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zakruti.com » Knowledge, science, education » WIRED
Professor Answers Neurodiversity Questions - Tech Support - WIRED

Professor Answers Neurodiversity Questions - Tech Support - WIRED

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Professor Matt Lerner, PhD joins WIRED to answer the internet's burning questions about neurodiversity. What are some signs of autism What did people with autism do in the past What does reading with dyslexia feel like What does it mean to be on the spectrum Can I diagnose myself with ADHD with TikTok videos Answers to these questions and many more await on Neurodivergent Support. 0: 00 Neurodivergent Support 0: 16 What exactly does it mean to be neurodivergent 0: 59 What dyslexia is actually like 1: 58 Autism social masking 4: 00 What is a real doctor anyway 5: 48 Love On The Spectrum 6: 51 Signs of autism 8: 50 What is and isn’t stimming 9: 48 Autism: On the rise or just better diagnosed 12: 18 What exactly is ADHD 13: 22 What did people with autism do in the past 14: 30 Tourettes onset 14: 55 Tics 15: 56 ADHD and hyper focus 17: 09 Does reading improve with practice for dyslexics 17: 47 Is there an autism gene 18: 49 Why is profanity a Tourette’s tic 20: 46 Medication 23: 13 On the spectrum 25: 55 Autism diagnosis age 27: 15 Autism and IQ 28: 12 Autism myths Director: Justin Wolfson Director of Photography: Kevin Dynia Editor: Alex Mechanik Expert: Matt Lerner Line Producer: Jamie Rasmussen Associate Producer: Paul Gulyas; Brandon White Production Manager: Peter Brunette Production Coordinator: Rhyan Lark Casting Producer: Nick Sawyer Camera Operator: Lauren Pruitt Sound Mixer: Rebecca O'Neill Post Production Supervisor: Christian Olguin Supervising Editor: Erica DeLeo Additional Editor: Samantha DiVito Assistant Editor: Andy Morell Still haven’t
Date: 2025-06-25

Comments and reviews: 20


Just to be more clear about the what is the spectrum question, since I feel like he sort of hinted at what that means without outright saying it, the spectrum refers to the wide variety that makes up the autistic experience. Some people think that the spectrum refers to a straight line of least autistic to most autistic and that everyone is somewhere on the spectrum, but that's not true. If you do an image web search for autism spectrum you'll see some representations of it as a circle or a color wheel. It's basically the bundle of traits associated with autism and the expectation that every autistic person varies in which of those traits they have or which are strongest. In that way, being on the spectrum means that you have (many of) those traits in some configuration, and only autistic people are on the spectrum. So when he says [paraphrasing], We used to think it always looked like this one presentation, and you could therefore diagnose it easily within a couple minutes because it always looks the same, and NOW we realize it presents in a lot of different ways, he means the spectrum is a wide variety of ways that autism presents. The phrase I hear a lot is When you've met one autistic person, you've met one autistic person. Which means the next autistic person you meet won't be the same.
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14: 16 I also think that, to some extent, during a lot of earlier times, high functioning autists may have had it easier in terms of the challenges they faced, in terms of masking and in terms of everyday living.
Like, say you were a servant/laborer on a farm. You'd do the same thing day in, day out, you'd have clear structure, you'd have clear instructions, you'd have stuff like food provided to you. The tasks were clear & concise and left little room for misunderstanding.
In short: You'd have a clear routine, usually one single task after another single task. And if that happened to line up with what you liked, you'd probably even excel at those tasks. At most, people would have been like Yeah, they're a bit weird, but they're doing what they should do.
On top of that, everything was kind of toned down and slowed, and there would have been much fewer sensations raining down on you at any given time, meaning people were less likely to get overwhelmed.
There would have been no traffic, no honking, no flashing lights, hundreds of people shouting over each other would have been particularly rare in rural settings, there would have been no rumbling of machines

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As a dyslexic person with ADHD, I find fault with his description of dyslexia. What he is describing is not what most dyslexic people do. This specific example is considered a common misconception about dyslexics. Dyslexic children often do this when first learning to read, but so do non-dyslexic students. When reading words aloud, I definitely mixed up the sounds and spellings of letters like d, t, and b, but they did not magically jumble themselves up like a word scramble before my very eyes in a visual hallucination. Perhaps, it’s better to interpret what he is displaying as an example of how it’s more difficult for a dyslexic person to identify symbols, associate those with sounds, while considering the context of that symbol within the other group of symbols, then associating those groups of symbols and sounds with a word, and then placing that word backing to the context of a sentence full of other words, then back within the context of a paragraph of other words to finally interpret the meaning of all those words, symbols, and sounds. Reading is a cool thing we do that no child is born knowing how to do. 1: 10
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Such a great and informative video, I got diagnosed with ASD OCD this year and I am in my 30s. I have always been the odd kid, I am good at certain subjects in School but social interactions have always always been my biggest challenge. I got diagnosed with GAD and MDD a few years ago and now I know a lot of my struggling was due to my ASD and I am not really just weird (well I still to think I am quirky but in a more positive way: .
Luckily, I am on the less severe side of the spectrum (I have a very good paying job and appreciate supports of my SO so so much, but that also makes me sometimes wonder, what if I could be spotted/diagnosed/treated/supported earlier in my life (like 5 or 6. Would that make me less depressed/anxious existing in and interacting with this world Would that make my masking more efficient/less resource hungering What would my life be
Anyway, yeah, if you suspect you or somebody you know may be on spectrum. I think 26: 20 is very spot on, get supported as early as possible. It may make their lives totally different, for better.

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What surprises me about people and is a concept I'm still trying to metabolise is that some people watch these videos, or tiktok videos, or read articles, or just generally encounter information in their lives and there seems to just be no. disconnect between the information and the parts of their brain that treat it as true. No filter of Hey, maybe this is isn't true at all, maybe it's only partly true but poorly worded, maybe it's true but incomplete, maybe they're just saying it confidently but don't actually know what they're talking about.
Like, I get that Tiktok made you feel more validated in asking whether the difficulties you're experiencing are ordinary or reflect something you should learn about and get treatment for, but. why is it that every expert these days has to say, in one way or another, I get that you find it captivating, that's the point, but maybe not everything you see should be assumed as true Even if it sounds correct, even if it confirms what you already believe. why is there not that disconnect

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I’m autistic and I have ADHD inattentive type. I have been on medications since I was 12 and my personal experience is that my main struggles are with ADHD paralysis, switching between tasks of any kind, changes to my routines causing me stress and exhaustion, sensory issues with temperature/light/sound/textures in particular, extreme sense of justice, and an addiction to learning. There is much much more than that, but everyone is different and everyone has different and specific needs/support systems. My sister is not autistic, but has ADHD hyperactive type. Our experiences are completely different even growing up fairly the same. She is the constantly going mortar. I struggle to even get myself to move sometimes. She has much less support needs than I do but struggles more academically compared to me.
My dad is dyslexic and my mom has ADHD combination type. Definitely agree that these neurodivergent types are genetic, but present differently in every person even when related.

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12: 51 not a criticism, but i find it interesting that when explaining hyperactive ADHD, Prof. Lerner (and many others) automatically picture the classic hyperactive male child (HE is run by a motor. as someone who was born and raised as a female and later diagnosed with severe hyperactive ADHD present in childhood, i was Not bouncing off the walls or constantly moving, the hyperactivity is a good 80% in my head.
when i would explain i always had a million racing thoughts and a constant physical feeling of something’s wrong’, i got diagnosed with generalised anxiety, but none of the normal treatment worked (meditation, CBT, medication) and i assumed i was just broken. the first day i took adhd meds after finally being assessed and diagnosed i bawled out of relief because i finally just had 1 clear internal monologue and could hang out my laundry without fighting myself for several hours.
TLDR: hyperactive ADHD can present internally as well as externally

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I’m not talking specifically about this professor but as someone who has severe ADHD (I was diagnosed at age 7) I get frustrated when people that don’t have ADHD or other neurodivergent diagnoses write books or do talks and stuff to educate other neurotypicals on us. My brain process is how are you going to tell me what I do/don’t feel or how I am supposed to feel and think and act when you have never experienced it and don’t know what it’s like some neurotypical people cannot even begin to comprehend what it’s like. We need more neurodivergent people teaching others about us instead of people that don’t know how it feels. A good comparison is someone who has never done math trying to teach kids that also have never done math how to do math instead of the thousands of available math teachers that have personal experience and knowledge and education on doing math teaching kids that have never done math.
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As someone who while not diagnose, is most likely on the autistic spectrum, I grew up thinking everyone was chaotic. until i came to the conclusion that people were not chaotic, the world was, and this chaos was what made things far more interesting to analyse. The problem is that I went too far, and now thrive in situations that are chaotic, because I learn more. Chaos makes me enjoy life, because order is boring. I can not play a sport or a game which i always win because it stops being chaotic. I love being the devil's advocate and offering alternate options for ideas to challenge the norm.
Which is why, as a science teacher, i love a class which is a bit chaotic. it is like an assault of information for me to digest, so many sensory inputs. I find it gets even more interesting because my autistic students find me really fun and engaging as I am linking all sorts of crazy stuff together with ease.

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For thoes is us who don't want to persue a diagnosis: still review the diagnostic criteria with whatever professionals you have on hand (even a GP) about the symptoms and criteria IF YOU CAN to make sure that you’re reading the literature correctly.
It's totally healthy to live your life as if you have autism/adhd even w/o a diagnosis if you think that you have one/both. none of the accommodations or modifications will harm you in any way. If your life feels easier with them, then functionally, your life will be better either way.
An ADHD diagnosis is helpful for getting a stimulant medication prescription, but most millennial and younger psychs don't think it's necessary; a trial prescription is pretty easy and you’ll know within an hour if the meds are helpful or counterproductive.
Love y'all!

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It's a little misleading to characterize the accuracy of TikTok information solely by its correspondence with the diagnostic criteria. There are other facets of autistic/ADHD experience that are highly correlated with those diagnostic categories, even though they are not part of the diagnostic categories per se. For example, alexithymia is far more common among autistics than neurotypicals. The diagnostic categories were originally designed by neurotypical observers, so they tend to emphasize externally visible behaviour rather than internal experience. Social media that talks about other common (if non-diagnostic) traits and experiences is often a very valuable complement to the diagnostic criteria. Any assessment of the value of social media information ought to take that into account.
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For those who are seeking a diagnosis, my experience included doing a bunch of research (over months, if not years) and coming prepared to my appointment (armed with a I know myself, I am confident in what I’m presenting to you attitude) with a rationale for my hypothesis and what I wanted to do going forward (see a specialist, get support through medication. It took several years but eventually I received my diagnosis. Particularly, I consulted the DSM-5, identified my symptoms, and documented when, where and how they manifested in my life. Also had a therapist on my side who picked up on the traits before I did and encouraged me to pursue a conversation with my GP. GP was receptive to this approach.
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The islands of skills part is so interesting to me because I was diagnosed as autistic at the age of 30 and suddenly a lot of things made sense about my learning and growing life. When it comes to the way my brain works there really is no middle ground. I could read and comprehend at a college level in the third grade but I had to take algebra 1 three times in high school and still can only figure out tax or tips on my phone calculator. I can play songs by ear on the piano or keyboard instruments but I can’t read music. I can understand and explain the political motivations and resolution to a historical conflict but if you ask me the date on which it happened I might not even get the century right.
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Great and clear explanations. I would love to see him again here. I want to add that I think that the question Do you see the words physically jumping around the page and moving or just in the wrong location could also be related to Irlen-Meares Syndrome, which is common in ND people. I personally have it and the letters and words literally seem like jumping sometimes, blurry, iffy, or my sight makes written word look like tv snow kind of thing, and I need to use special filtered glasses and an opaque color film filter over books, paper and screens to be able to read, and I am an avid reader, so it's hard some times. Definitely it also manifests differently for different people.
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On the empathy thing, it’s interesting because I do have an autistic friend who struggles to empathize in the sense that she struggles to automatically know how ppl feel or imagine the feelings in an unfamiliar situation. Compared to me, also autistic, and I experience empathy so strongly that it’s overwhelming. Compared to what you’d expect, tho, my friend is way better at helping someone in need, because she doesn’t automatically feel the feelings but she does care. She can logically deduce that someone’s about to have a panic attack, and talk to them to keep them grounded. I get so overwhelmed by the emotions that I sometimes struggle to actually be helpful
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I was explaining to a student the other day that empathy for autistic people is confusing because they often are reading expressions and emotions in so much detail, that any confusion is often because the person is not expressing their real feelings, or even denying their real feelings.
it is actually extremely common for people to deny their feelings out of fear or other reasons, so an autistic person picking up on those feelings can be challenging or feel dangerous to others. hence the idea that they are no empathetic, when really they are More empathetic, the person expressing the problem is not open or honest to themselves.

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Quick notes on the whole 50% of the things you see on TikTok related to ADHD / autism aren't covered in the DSM-5 also be aware that autism doesn't always present the same way in women, nonbinary people, and people of colour. It can actually quite hard to find a doctor who will take your interest in autism seriously if you don't present like their 7-year-old nephew. I've heard so many stories of trained diagnosticians saying you can't be autistic because you're making eye contact or you can't be autistic because you can have a conversation, without accounting at all for masking or for the lived experience of non-white non-males.
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As someone who is fairly severely hyper-empathetic I can confirm it makes it quite difficult to have many friends. Even beyond my own difficulty conveying such problems, it can make everyone feel like they have to be careful around you and you around them lest start a emotional cycle or spiral. This is not pleasant for anyone.
Not even to mention the problem where I can tell I am acting different and putting people off and I can tell they are uncomfortable which makes it even more awkward and difficult to address. Especially for just random people I might meet where explaining it is not worth the hassle and pain.

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It always feels weird seeing people who self-identify as neurodivergent, often in a bragging way, non-stop, on social media, while equating it to actual diagnosed disorders and complaining about being discriminated against for being wired differently.
I have Tourette's, though many of my friends/extended family don't know it. Despite actually having a neurological disorder, thinking/interacting in a different way socially than most, I don't talk about it often. Really makes it feel like those going on and on about being neurodivergent are doing it for the attention/to be validated/to be applauded by others.

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Thanks for your presentation. Just wondering, and this is no diss on you Doc, why in 2025, do we still not use person-first language When I hear or read autistic person or someone who is autistic I cringe (and that goes for diabetic, high-risk groups, schizophrenic, etc) Instead of saying she is autistic, why not say she has autism I think if a person with autism wishes to use identity-first language, that’s fine, but I don’t think it’s cool for others to do that unless you know if that’s their preference. Does that make sense And yeahI’m kinda on the woke spectrum
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